Which theory proposes that motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic?

• A. Maslow's hierarchy
• B. Self-determination theory
• C. Drive theory
• D. Incentive theory

Answer: (B)

Self-determination theory explains motivation along a spectrum that includes both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. It defines intrinsic motivation as doing an activity for its own sake and enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation is driven by outcomes separate from the activity. The theory also highlights that extrinsic motives can be internalized and integrated, becoming more self-determined as autonomy, competence, and relatedness are supported. This emphasis on how internal and external reasons for action relate and how internalization changes motivation quality is why this theory directly addresses both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In contrast, Maslow’s hierarchy describes a general order of needs, drive theory focuses on internal bodily drives, and incentive theory centers on external rewards without the same nuance about internalization or the intrinsic–extrinsic continuum.