Which theory posits that motivation is driven by the need to balance stimulation levels?

• A. Drive-reduction theory
• B. Expectancy theory
• C. Arousal theory
• D. Maslow's theory

Answer: (C)

Arousal theory holds that motivation comes from a desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal. When arousal is too low, we seek out stimulation and novelty to raise it; when arousal is too high, we pursue calm or avoidance to lower it. This idea explains why people don’t just act to fulfill inner needs but to fine-tune their alertness and energy for the task at hand, with moderate arousal often leading to the best performance (the idea that there’s an optimal level). This contrasts with drive-reduction theory, which centers on reducing internal tension from biological needs; expectancy theory, which focuses on expected rewards; and Maslow’s hierarchy, which organizes needs from basic to self-actualization.